ABSTRACT Purpose to establish cut-off point for reading speed and accuracy, to obtain minimum values for comprehending texts, and allow classifying students from 2nd to 5th grade of elementary school according to good or poor reading performance. Methods 147 assessment protocols for oral reading and text comprehension of students from 3rd to 5th grade of Elementary School with and without reading difficulties were analyzed. The oral text reading rate and accuracy values were analyzed. ROC curves were constructed, and sensitivity and specificity calculated for each reading fluency parameter, and each school grade. Results Sensitivity and specificity for measures of rate and accuracy in text reading were calculated for the 3rd, 4th, and 5th grades. Rate and precision under the ROC curve did not differ statistically. The values for the 2nd grade were mathematically estimated. Conclusion The cutoff values expected for students from 2nd to 3rd grade were identified, with recommendations for using the oral text reading rate for reading comprehension screening procedures

RESUMO Objetivo estabelecer pontos de corte para valores de velocidade e acurácia de leitura, a fim de obter valores mínimos para compreensão de textos, e permitir classificar alunos de 2º a 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental, de acordo com bom ou pobre desempenho em leitura. Método foram analisados 147 protocolos de avaliação de leitura oral e compreensão textual de escolares de 3º a 5º ano com e sem dificuldades de leitura. A taxa de leitura oral de texto e os valores de acurácia foram analisados. Curvas ROC foram construídas e a sensibilidade e a especificidade, calculadas para cada parâmetro de fluência de leitura por ano escolar. Resultados A sensibilidade e a especificidade para medidas de taxa e acurácia na leitura de texto foram calculadas para o 3º, 4º e 5º anos. A taxa e a precisão sob a curva ROC não diferiram estatisticamente. Os valores do 2º ano foram estimados matematicamente. Conclusão Foram identificados os valores de corte esperados para escolares do 2º ao 5º ano, com recomendações de utilização da taxa de leitura de texto oral para procedimentos de rastreamento da compreensão leitora.

Resumo O Questionário revisado de bullying de Olweus (rBVQ) é um instrumento internacionalmente utilizado para identificar bullying, mas devido às dificuldades de estudantes brasileiros na leitura e escrita, foi adaptado para uso áudio-guiado em smartphones. Investigou-se a validade do construto por meio de análise confirmatória fatorial em uma solução de dois fatores. Participaram 1742 e 2316 alunos de quintos e sétimos anos de trinta escolas públicas de São Paulo. Encontrou-se excelentes índices de adequação para ambos os anos escolares (quintos: CFI = 0,985; RMSEA = 0,020; sétimos: CFI = 0,990; RMSEA = 0,015) e cargas fatoriais maiores que 0,4 para todos os itens, indicando sua relevância para o construto. O rBVQ demonstrou excelentes propriedades psicométricas e pode ajudar estudos futuros que objetivam investigar bullying em populações com perfis semelhantes. Além disso, este estudo inova por avaliar um instrumento áudio-guiado e utilizando tecnologia móvel.

Abstract The revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (rBVQ) is an internationally used instrument to identify bullying, but due to Brazilian students’ low proficiency in reading and writing, it had to be adapted for audio-guided use through smartphones. We investigated construct validity, using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), under a two-correlated factor solution. Participated 1,742 fifth graders and 2,316 seventh graders from 30 public schools in the city of São Paulo. We found excellent fit indices models for both grades (fifth grade: CFI=0.985, RMSEA=0.020; seventh grade: CFI=0.990, RMSEA=0.015), as well as factor loading higher than 0.4 for all items, indicating their relevance to the construct. The rBVQ demonstrated excellent psychometric properties and may help future studies that aim to investigate bullying in populations with similar profiles. In addition, this study innovates by evaluating an audio-guided instrument and using mobile technology.

Resumen El Cuestionario Revisado de Bullying de Olweus (rBVQ) es un instrumento utilizado internacionalmente para identificar bullying, pero debido a las dificultades de estudiantes brasileños en la lectura y la escritura, se ha adaptado su uso por medio de audioguías en smartphones. Se investigó la validez del constructo mediante el Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio, bajo un modelo de dos factores. Participaron 1742 y 2316 estudiantes de quinto y séptimo curso de 30 escuelas públicas de São Paulo. Excelentes tasas de adecuación fueron encontradas para ambos casos (quinto año: CFI=0,985, RMSEA=0,020; séptimo año: CFI=0,990, RMSEA=0,015), además de cargas factoriales superiores a 0,4 para todos los ítems, lo que indica su relevancia para el constructo. El instrumento rBVQ ha presentado excelentes propiedades psicométricas y puede ayudar a futuros estudios pretendan investigar el bullying en poblaciones con perfiles similares. Además, este estudio innova al evaluar un instrumento guiado por audio, empleando la tecnología móvil.

Abstract Objective Construct validity for the Motor Development Scale (MDS) has not been established. The aim of this study was to examine whether the unidimensional model of MDS would be appropriate for children aged 4 to 6 years-old and provide construct validity for the items concerning this age group in Brazil. Methods A total of 938 children participated in the study (214 4-year-olds, 643 5-year-olds, and 81 6-year-olds). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate construct validity of the MDS using a unidimensional model. Results The CFA for the unidimensional model showed excellent adequacy indices for age 4: χ2(2) = 0.581, p = 0.748, comparative fit index (CFI) = 1.000, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = 1.090, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.000 (90% confidence interval [90%CI] = 0.000 to 0.093, close fit [Cfit] = 0.841); age 5: χ2(2) = 2.669, p = 0.263, CFI = 0.993, TLI = 0.980, RMSEA = 0.023 (90%CI = 0.000 to 0.085, Cfit = 0.682), weighted root mean square residual (WRMR) = 0.407; and age 6: χ2(9) = 8.275, p = 0.506, CFI = 1.000, TLI = 1.010, RMSEA = 0.000 (90%CI = 0.000 to 0.118, Cfit = 0.653), WRMR = 0.495. Reliability was good: ω = 0.87 (95%CI = 0.81 to 0.92). Conclusion The proposed unidimensional solution for the MDS provides a concise, parsimonious and reliable way to assess motor development in children aged 4 to 6 years.

Abstract Background The Emotional and Affective Composite Temperament (AFECT) model describes originally six traits of volition, anger, inhibition (fear and caution subordinate factors), control, sensitivity, and coping. However, fear and caution have shown opposite relatioships with criteria-variables, indicating factor independence. Objective The current investigation aimed to advance in the evaluation of the psychometric properties of the emotional trait section of the Emotional and Affective Composite Temperament Scale (AFECTS) by examining the suitability of a 7-factor structure and the reliability of each scale using data from a population-based sample. Methods AFECTS was administered via face-to-face assessments in a single-session, population-based cross-sectional survey. Samples was composed of teenagers and adults (14 to 35 years). The latent structure and reliability were analyzed via structural equation modeling: confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the a priori correlated 7-factor model (with fear and caution designed as single-factors) and trait-scores reliability was assessed by the estimation of information curves. Results Findings attested the suitability of the 7-factor model presumed to underline the item set of the traits section of AFECTS and information curve interpretation showed adequate levels of reliability for all trait-scores. Discussion The 7-factor model showed robust indicators of construct validity for the AFECTS.

Objective: The current study aimed to examine the latent structure of a web-based, Brazilian Portuguese version of the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF). Method: The sample consisted of 15,557 adult participants – 4,702 men and 10,855 women – with age ranging from 18 to 60 years. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the a priori conceptual 15-factor model presumed to underlie the YSQ-SF item set. Results: Most items displayed high levels of reliability (factor loadings greater than 0.7) and low liability to random measurement error (residual variances below 0.02), indicating that the a priori YSQ-SF factor structure is adequate. Discussion: These findings offer empirical evidence supporting YSQ-SF construct validity and, consequently, its application in adults.

Objective: To investigate quality of life (QoL) and QoL predictors among caregivers of individuals in first-episode psychosis (FEP). Methods: This longitudinal study investigated predictors of QoL in caregivers of 80 individuals in FEP over a 1-year follow-up period, measured using a single component extracted from the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Results: Mediation analysis demonstrated that, at 1 year, high scores in the Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20) were associated with high scores on the negative sub-scale of the Experience of Caregiving Inventory (ECI), which was also associated with low scores in the Essential Quality of Life (Essential QoL) component extracted from the SEF-36. Clinically, the resulting association indicates that depression and anxiety symptoms in caregivers at baseline are predictors of their 1-year quality of life, based on self-assessment of the caregiving experience. Conclusion: Supporting an individual in FEP can have a negative impact on QoL. Maintaining caregivers’ mental health and subjective evaluation of the caregiving experience must be primary goals of FEP services. Complementary studies of FEP caregivers’ QoL can support the design of personalized interventions in the near future.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a validade de construto e a confiabilidade das subescalas do Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) e do Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 (BOT-2) com base em modelos das contribuições gerais e específicas ao avaliar habilidades motoras em transtornos psiquiátricos. Métodos Foram realizadas análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC) e análise bifatorial em dados de 187 escolares do primeiro ao sexto ano do ensino fundamental (idade média: 113 ± 20 meses; meninos: n = 117, 62,56%) que foram avaliados com o BOT-2, e em dados de 127 escolares do primeiro ano do ensino fundamental (idade média: 76 ± 2 meses; meninos: n = 58, 45,67%) avaliados com o MABC-2. Resultados Os resultados da AFC apresentaram índices de ajuste satisfatórios de multidimensionalidade para o BOT-2 e apresentaram índices de ajuste insatisfatórios para o MABC-2. Para ambos os testes, o modelo bifatorial mostrou que a confiabilidade das subescalas era ruim. Conclusão O BOT-2 apresentou validade fatorial com uma estrutura multidimensional entre as amostras utilizadas, mas o MABC-2 apresentou índices de ajuste insatisfatórios, insuficientes para confirmar sua estrutura multidimensional. Para ambos os testes, a maior parte da variância confiável veio de um fator motor geral (fator-M), portanto, a pontuação e o relato dos escores das subescalas não se justificaram para ambos os testes.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the construct validity and model-based reliability of general and specific contributions of the subscales of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) and Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 (BOT-2) when evaluating motor skills across a range of psychiatric disorders. Methods Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and bifactor analysis were conducted on BOT-2 data from 187 elementary school students (grades 1 to 6) (mean age: 113 ± 20 months; boys: n = 117, 62.56%) and on MABC-2 data from 127 elementary school students (grade 1) (mean age: 76 ± 2 months; boys: n = 58, 45.67%). Results The results of the CFA fit the data for multidimensionality for the BOT-2 and presented poor fit indices for the MABC-2. For both tests, the bifactor model showed that the reliability of the subscales was poor. Conclusions The BOT-2 exhibited factorial validity with a multidimensional structure among the current samples, but the MABC-2 showed poor fit indices, insufficient to confirm its multidimensional structure. For both tests, most of the reliable variance came from a general motor factor (M-factor), therefore the scoring and reporting of subscale scores were not justified for both tests.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To determine whether scores in an adapted version of the self-assessment Pubertal Development Scale into Portuguese match those from the gold standard in pubertal development (Tanner scale). METHODS This was a cross-sectional study with a convenience sample of 133 children and adolescents aged nine to 17 years (59 males; mean age of 13 years and six months, with standard deviation = 25 months). Youngsters completed the Pubertal Development Scale and were then examined by specialists in adolescent medicine. RESULTS Exact absolute agreement of pubertal stages were modest, but significant associations between measures (correlation; intra-class correlation coefficients of consistency) showed that the Pubertal Development Scale adequately measures changes that map onto pubertal development determined by physical examination, on par with international publications. Furthermore, scores obtained from each Pubertal Development Scale question reflected adequate gonadal and adrenal events assessed by clinical ratings, mostly with medium/high effect sizes. Latent factors obtained from scores on all Pubertal Development Scale questions had excellent fit indices in Confirmatory Factor Analyses and correlated with Tanner staging. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that self-assessment of body changes by youngsters using the Portuguese version of the Pubertal Development Scale is useful when estimates of pubertal progression are sufficient, and exact agreement with clinical staging is not necessary. The Pubertal Development Scale is, therefore, a reliable instrument for use in large-scale studies in Brazil that aim at investigating adolescent health related to pubertal developmental. The translated version and scoring systems are provided.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To determine whether scores in an adapted version of the self-assessment Pubertal Development Scale into Portuguese match those from the gold standard in pubertal development (Tanner scale). METHODS This was a cross-sectional study with a convenience sample of 133 children and adolescents aged nine to 17 years (59 males; mean age of 13 years and six months, with standard deviation = 25 months). Youngsters completed the Pubertal Development Scale and were then examined by specialists in adolescent medicine. RESULTS Exact absolute agreement of pubertal stages were modest, but significant associations between measures (correlation; intra-class correlation coefficients of consistency) showed that the Pubertal Development Scale adequately measures changes that map onto pubertal development determined by physical examination, on par with international publications. Furthermore, scores obtained from each Pubertal Development Scale question reflected adequate gonadal and adrenal events assessed by clinical ratings, mostly with medium/high effect sizes. Latent factors obtained from scores on all Pubertal Development Scale questions had excellent fit indices in Confirmatory Factor Analyses and correlated with Tanner staging. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that self-assessment of body changes by youngsters using the Portuguese version of the Pubertal Development Scale is useful when estimates of pubertal progression are sufficient, and exact agreement with clinical staging is not necessary. The Pubertal Development Scale is, therefore, a reliable instrument for use in large-scale studies in Brazil that aim at investigating adolescent health related to pubertal developmental. The translated version and scoring systems are provided.

RESUMO Objetivo: Desenvolver uma avaliação de triagem motora (ATM) e fornecer evidências preliminares de suas propriedades psicométricas. Métodos: 365 alunos do ensino fundamental foram avaliados. Foi utilizado modelagem de equações estruturais para evidenciar a adequação da estrutura fatorial da ATM. A função diferencial do item foi utilizada para avaliar tarefas podem funcionar de forma diferente para subgrupos (ou seja, sexo e escolaridade). Resultados: Em geral, as meninas obtiveram pontuações mais altas do que os meninos e, em ambos os sexos, os escores da avaliação aumentaram com a idade. A análise da função diferencial do item revelou que a precisão do teste foi maior para aqueles com desempenho motor baixo a moderado, sugerindo que essa ferramenta seria apropriada para identificar aqueles com dificuldades motoras. Conclusão: Embora sejam necessários novos testes de suas propriedades psicométricas, a ATM parece ser uma ferramenta confiável, válida e rápida de administrar como rastreio motor para crianças.

ABSTRACT Objective: To develop a motor screening assessment and provide preliminary evidence of its psychometric properties. Methods: A sample of 365 elementary school students was assessed, with structural equation modeling applied to obtain evidence of the adequacy of the factor structure of the motor screening assessment. As well, differential item functioning was used to evaluate whether various identifiable subgroups of children (i.e., sex and grade) perform particular tasks differently. Results: Overall, girls obtained higher scores than boys while, for both sexes, the assessment scores increased with age. Furthermore, differential item function analysis revealed that the precision of the test was highest for those with moderate to low motor performance, suggesting that this tool would be appropriate for identifying individuals with movement difficulties. Conclusion: Although further tests of its psychometric properties are required, the motor screening assessment appears to be a reliable, valid, and quickly-administered tool for screening children's movements.

Resumo: A compulsão alimentar (“craving” ou “fissura”) é um estado motivacional que produz um desejo intenso relacionado a comportamentos de consumo. Apesar do crescente interesse no conceito da compulsão alimentar, para poder avaliá-la adequadamente, faltam instrumentos traduzidos e adaptados para o português do brasileiro. Os objetivos foram traduzir e adaptar o Trait e o State Food Craving Questionnaire (FCQ-T e FCQ-S) para o português brasileiro e avaliar as propriedades psicométricas destas versões. O FCQ-T e FCQ-S foram traduzidos e adaptados para ao português brasileiro e aplicados a alunos da Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Os modelos originais de ambos os questionários foram analisados com diferentes estimadores (de frequência e bayesianos). Foi avaliada a qualidade do ajuste subjacente aos itens de ambas escalas, usando os seguintes índices: χ2, WRMR, índice de ajuste comparativo, índice de Tucker-Lewis e RMSEA. As análises incluíram os dados de 314 participantes. Foram obtidos índices de ajuste baixos para ambos questionários originais, independentemente do estimador utilizado e do modelo estrutural original. Assim, três especialistas em transtornos alimentares revisaram o conteúdo dos instrumentos e selecionaram os itens para avaliar os aspectos centrais do construto de compulsão alimentar. Os modelos (questionários) novos e reduzidos produziram índices satisfatórios de qualidade de ajuste. Discussão: Nossas versões abreviadas do FCQ-S e do FCQ-T divergem consideravelmente do arcabouço conceitual dos questionários originais. Com base nos achados, propomos uma alternativa possível, isto é, para avaliar a compulsão alimentar enquanto construto unidimensional.

Abstract: “Craving” is a motivational state that promotes an intense desire related to consummatory behaviors. Despite growing interest in the concept of food craving, there is a lack of available instruments to assess it in Brazilian Portuguese. The objectives were to translate and adapt the Trait and the State Food Craving Questionnaire (FCQ-T and FCQ-S) to Brazilian Portuguese and to evaluate the psychometric properties of these versions.The FCQ-T and FCQ-S were translated and adapted to Brazilian Portuguese and administered to students at the Federal University of São Paulo. Both questionnaires in their original models were examined considering different estimators (frequentist and bayesian). The goodness of fit underlying the items from both scales was assessed through the following fit indices: χ2, WRMR residual, comparative fit index, Tucker-Lewis index and RMSEA. Data from 314 participants were included in the analyses. Poor fit indices were obtained for both of the original questionnaires regardless of the estimator used and original structural model. Thus, three eating disorder experts reviewed the content of the instruments and selected the items which were considered to assess the core aspects of the craving construct. The new and reduced models (questionnaires) generated good fit indices. Our abbreviated versions of FCQ-S and FCQ-T considerably diverge from the conceptual framework of the original questionnaires. Based on the results of this study, we propose a possible alternative, i.e., to assess craving for food as a unidimensional construct.

Resumen: “Craving” es un estado motivacional que suscita un deseo intenso relacionado con hábitos de consumo. A pesar del creciente interés en el concepto de food craving (antojos alimentarios), existe una falta de disponibilidad de instrumentos para evaluarlo con el portugués de Brasil. Los objetivos fueron traducir y adaptar el Trait y el State Food Craving Questionnaire (FCQ-T y FCQ-S) al portugués de Brasil y evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de estas versiones. El FCQ-T y el FCQ-S fueron traducidos y adaptados al portugués de Brasil y se administraron a estudiantes en la Universidad Federal de São Paulo. Se examinaron los modelos originales en ambos cuestionarios, considerando diferentes estimadores (de frecuencia y bayesianos). La bondad de ajuste que subyace en los ítems de ambas escalas se evaluó mediante los siguientes índices de ajuste: χ2, WRMR, índice de ajuste comparativo, el índice de Tucker-Lewis y la RMSEA. Los resultados contaron con los datos de 314 participantes que fueron incluidos en los análisis. Se obtuvieron escasos índices de ajuste en ambos cuestionarios originales, independientemente del estimador usado y modelo estructural original. De este modo, tres expertos en desórdenes alimenticios revisaron el contenido de los instrumentos y seleccionaron los ítems que fueron considerados, con el fin de evaluar los aspectos fundamentales del constructo “craving”. Los modelos nuevos y reducidos (cuestionarios) generaron índices de ajuste positivos. Nuestras versiones abreviadas del FCQ-S y FCQ-T divergían considerablemente del marco conceptual respecto a los cuestionarios originales. Basado en los resultados de este estudio, proponemos una posible alternativa, por ejemplo, evaluar el craving for food como un constructo unidimensional.

Resumo: A compulsão alimentar (“craving” ou “fissura”) é um estado motivacional que produz um desejo intenso relacionado a comportamentos de consumo. Apesar do crescente interesse no conceito da compulsão alimentar, para poder avaliá-la adequadamente, faltam instrumentos traduzidos e adaptados para o português do brasileiro. Os objetivos foram traduzir e adaptar o Trait e o State Food Craving Questionnaire (FCQ-T e FCQ-S) para o português brasileiro e avaliar as propriedades psicométricas destas versões. O FCQ-T e FCQ-S foram traduzidos e adaptados para ao português brasileiro e aplicados a alunos da Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Os modelos originais de ambos os questionários foram analisados com diferentes estimadores (de frequência e bayesianos). Foi avaliada a qualidade do ajuste subjacente aos itens de ambas escalas, usando os seguintes índices: χ2, WRMR, índice de ajuste comparativo, índice de Tucker-Lewis e RMSEA. As análises incluíram os dados de 314 participantes. Foram obtidos índices de ajuste baixos para ambos questionários originais, independentemente do estimador utilizado e do modelo estrutural original. Assim, três especialistas em transtornos alimentares revisaram o conteúdo dos instrumentos e selecionaram os itens para avaliar os aspectos centrais do construto de compulsão alimentar. Os modelos (questionários) novos e reduzidos produziram índices satisfatórios de qualidade de ajuste. Discussão: Nossas versões abreviadas do FCQ-S e do FCQ-T divergem consideravelmente do arcabouço conceitual dos questionários originais. Com base nos achados, propomos uma alternativa possível, isto é, para avaliar a compulsão alimentar enquanto construto unidimensional.

Abstract: “Craving” is a motivational state that promotes an intense desire related to consummatory behaviors. Despite growing interest in the concept of food craving, there is a lack of available instruments to assess it in Brazilian Portuguese. The objectives were to translate and adapt the Trait and the State Food Craving Questionnaire (FCQ-T and FCQ-S) to Brazilian Portuguese and to evaluate the psychometric properties of these versions.The FCQ-T and FCQ-S were translated and adapted to Brazilian Portuguese and administered to students at the Federal University of São Paulo. Both questionnaires in their original models were examined considering different estimators (frequentist and bayesian). The goodness of fit underlying the items from both scales was assessed through the following fit indices: χ2, WRMR residual, comparative fit index, Tucker-Lewis index and RMSEA. Data from 314 participants were included in the analyses. Poor fit indices were obtained for both of the original questionnaires regardless of the estimator used and original structural model. Thus, three eating disorder experts reviewed the content of the instruments and selected the items which were considered to assess the core aspects of the craving construct. The new and reduced models (questionnaires) generated good fit indices. Our abbreviated versions of FCQ-S and FCQ-T considerably diverge from the conceptual framework of the original questionnaires. Based on the results of this study, we propose a possible alternative, i.e., to assess craving for food as a unidimensional construct.

Resumen: “Craving” es un estado motivacional que suscita un deseo intenso relacionado con hábitos de consumo. A pesar del creciente interés en el concepto de food craving (antojos alimentarios), existe una falta de disponibilidad de instrumentos para evaluarlo con el portugués de Brasil. Los objetivos fueron traducir y adaptar el Trait y el State Food Craving Questionnaire (FCQ-T y FCQ-S) al portugués de Brasil y evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de estas versiones. El FCQ-T y el FCQ-S fueron traducidos y adaptados al portugués de Brasil y se administraron a estudiantes en la Universidad Federal de São Paulo. Se examinaron los modelos originales en ambos cuestionarios, considerando diferentes estimadores (de frecuencia y bayesianos). La bondad de ajuste que subyace en los ítems de ambas escalas se evaluó mediante los siguientes índices de ajuste: χ2, WRMR, índice de ajuste comparativo, el índice de Tucker-Lewis y la RMSEA. Los resultados contaron con los datos de 314 participantes que fueron incluidos en los análisis. Se obtuvieron escasos índices de ajuste en ambos cuestionarios originales, independientemente del estimador usado y modelo estructural original. De este modo, tres expertos en desórdenes alimenticios revisaron el contenido de los instrumentos y seleccionaron los ítems que fueron considerados, con el fin de evaluar los aspectos fundamentales del constructo “craving”. Los modelos nuevos y reducidos (cuestionarios) generaron índices de ajuste positivos. Nuestras versiones abreviadas del FCQ-S y FCQ-T divergían considerablemente del marco conceptual respecto a los cuestionarios originales. Basado en los resultados de este estudio, proponemos una posible alternativa, por ejemplo, evaluar el craving for food como un constructo unidimensional.

Objective: To perform a construct validation of the List of Threatening Events Questionnaire (LTE-Q), as well as convergence validation by identifying its association with drug use in a sample of the Brazilian population. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of the Second Brazilian National Alcohol and Drugs Survey (II BNADS), which used a cross-cultural adaptation of the LTE-Q in a probabilistic sample of 4,607 participants aged 14 years and older. Latent class analysis was used to validate the latent trait adversity (which considered the number of events from the list of 12 item in the LTE experienced by the respondent in the previous year) and logistic regression was performed to find its association with binge drinking and cocaine use. Results: The confirmatory factor analysis returned a chi-square of 108.341, weighted root mean square residual (WRMR) of 1.240, confirmatory fit indices (CFI) of 0.970, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) of 0.962, and root mean square error approximation (RMSEA) score of 1.000. LTE-Q convergence validation showed that the adversity latent trait increased the chances of binge drinking by 1.31 time and doubled the chances of previous year cocaine use (adjusted by sociodemographic variables). Conclusion: The use of the LTE-Q in Brazil should be encouraged in different research fields, including large epidemiological surveys, as it is also appropriate when time and budget are limited. The LTE-Q can be a useful tool in the development of targeted and more efficient prevention strategies.

Resumo A nomeação seriada rápida é utilizada para avaliar o acesso lexical. O trabalho relata um estudo de validação e normas para a Prova de Nomeação Rápida, composta por seis figuras que se repetem aleatoriamente em dois cartões (Parte A e Parte B). Uma amostra representativa de alunos do 2o ao 5o ano do Ensino Fundamental de escolas públicas e particulares de São Paulo-SP (N = 728) respondeu à Prova de Nomeação e realizou uma tarefa de leitura de palavras. O tempo de execução e o número de acertos foram computados. Conforme esperado: (1) ocorreu efeito de escolaridade para o tempo de execução e precisão; (2) houve menor precisão e maior tempo de execução para a Parte B; (3) as duas partes apresentaram correlações estatisticamente significantes (p < 0,05); (4) o tempo de execução e a precisão foram preditores da leitura. Os resultados fornecem evidências de validade para a tarefa criada.

Abstract Rapid naming tasks evaluate lexical access. We report a validity study and norms for the Rapid Automatized Naming Task, composed of six randomized pictures distributed on two cards (Part A and B). A representative sample of children from 2nd to 5th grades of elementary schools of Sao Paulo City (N = 728) was tested in the task and word recognition. Response time and accuracy were collected. As expected, the following evidences were observed: (1) grade effect for response time and accuracy, (2) response time and error rates were higher for Part B, (3) correlation between Part A and B was significant (p < 0.05), and (4) response time and accuracy predicted decoding ability. The results support different sources of validity evidence for the task.

Resumen La denominación en serie rápida es utilizada para evaluar el acceso al léxico. Este trabajo presenta resultados de validez y normas para la Prueba de Denominación Rápida, compuesta por seis figuras que se repiten aleatoriamente en dos tarjetas del test (Parte A y parte B). Una muestra representativa de alumnos de segundo a quinto año de Enseñanza Primaria de escuelas públicas y privadas de San Pablo-SP, fue evaluada (N=728) con las tareas de velocidad de denominación y lectura de palabras. El tiempo de ejecución y total de aciertos fueron computados. Los resultados mostraron: 1) Efecto de la escolaridad para el tiempo de ejecución y precisión de la denominación; 2) Menor precisión y mayor tiempo de ejecución en la Parte B; 3) Correlaciones estadísticamente significativas entre las dos partes del test p < 0,05); 4) el tiempo de ejecución y la precisión fueron predictores de la lectura. Los resultados proporcionan evidencias de validez para la tarea creada.

ResumoPara avaliar a consciência fonológica, habilidade determinante para a aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita, é necessário prover evidências acerca do construto que um dado instrumento se propõe a mensurar de modo a fornecer parâmetros confiáveis tanto para a pesquisa empírica como para o desenvolvimento de programas de intervenção educacional e de reabilitação. No Brasil, até o momento, não há estudos de evidências de validade com base na estrutura interna para testes de consciência fonológica. Este artigo apresenta os resultados para a validade de um teste de consciência fonológica constituído por três sub-testes: duas tarefas de subtração do fonema inicial e uma de segmentação fonêmica. A análise fatorial confirmatória multidimensional foi aplicada a uma amostra de 176 estudantes brasileiros ( Midade= 9,3 anos) de 1º ao 5º ano do ensino fundamental. Resultados indicaram modelo bem ajustado, com itens de dificuldade mediana e cargas fatoriais altas; corroborando a estrutura interna e concepção teórica adequadas.

AbstractTo assess phonological awareness - a decisive skill for learning to read and write - it is necessary to provide evidence about an instrument construct to present trustworthy parameters for both empirical research and the development of educational intervention and rehabilitation programs. In Brazil, at this moment, there are no studies regarding the internal structure for tests of phonological awareness. This article shows the factorial validity of a test of phonological awareness composed by three sub-tests: two tasks of subtraction of initial phoneme and one of phonemic segmentation. The multidimensional confirmatory factorial analysis was applied to a sample of 176 Brazilian students ( Mage= 9.3 years) from the first to fifth grade of elementary school. Results indicated a well-adjusted model, with items of intermediate difficulty and high factor loadings; thus, this corroboratedthe internal structure and well-designed theoretical conception.

ResumenPara evaluar la conciencia fonológica, habilidad determinante para el aprendizaje de la lectura y escritura, es necesario proporcionar evidencias a cerca del constructo que un dicho instrumento se propone a medir a fin de tener parâmetros fiables para la investigación empírica y para el desarrollo de programas de intervención educativa y de rehabilitación. En Brasil, hasta el momento, no hay estudios de evidencia de la validez basada en la estructura interna para pruebas de conciencia fonológica. Este artículo presenta los resultados para la validez de uma prueba de conciencia fonológica constituída por tres sub-pruebas: dos de subtración Del fonema inicial y una de segmentación fonémica. El análisis factorial confirmatorio multidimensional fue aplicado a uma muestra de 176 estudiantes brasileños ( Medad= 9,3 años) de 1º a 5º año del enseñanza básica. Los resultados indicará nun modelo bien ajustado, con items de dificuldad mediana y cargas factoriales altas; corroborando la estructura interna y la concepción teórica adecuadas.